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Problem of the  horizon

The horizon problem concerns the surprisingly high uniformity of the cosmic background radiation which, according to measurements of the COBE research satellite, deviates from its average value by  only  10 -5 [7]. This extremely high isotropy of the early universe can only be explained if far space areas had interacted at some earlier time. The problem is , according to the classical big bang theory, there could never have been a time at which this balance could have established universally .
The early universe is believed to have already been too big for a communication between distant space areas.

Problem of the galaxy formation

The criterion is, today’s physics cannot explain  how , in its 10 to 20 billion years existence, the universe has developed from a highly isotropic state into such a clotted distribution of matter as we observe today. Matter concentrations as, e. g. the „great wall“ with a 500 mio.light years long band of galaxies, are followed by vast voids extending for more than 400 mio. light years [8].

Problem of planarity

According to the cosmological theories discussed presently, any deviation from an exactly plane universe increases with time. If an inflationary blow- up had indeed taken place in the time during  10 -35 and 10  -33 seconds after the big bang as the theory demands, the universe must have adjusted itself to be plane with an accuracy of about 10 -50 , to be able to develop in such a way as we observe today. It contradicts any experience in physics that such an extremely precise fine tuning should have taken place, in order to maintain an instable balance state for more than 10 billion years.

Problem of the world age

The question of the age of the universe causes discomfort to many cosmologists, as the total seems younger than some of its parts. Astronomical observations let us conclude there are stars up to 19 billion years of age [7], p. 182. This would be considerably older than a world age calculated from the presently most probable Hubble constant.
At least for a part of these problems, the inflation theory ( inflationary model) offers solutions.
 
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